What is deciBell, dB, and why is it so popular in Engineering Communities across Industries?

The deciBell, dB, is named after Alexander Graham Bell who worked at American Telephone and Telegraph Company, widely known as AT&T nowadays.

dB is simply defined as 10*log10 (Power ratio).

Various industries are using dB as the unit of measure to quantify key Parameter Indicators, KPI.

You can see it used in Audio industry to quantify the strength or power of speaker loudness.  You can find that to be used in Electrical, Communication, Radio, and Radar industries.

There two reasons behind ubiquitous acceptance of dB

First, dB simplifies mathematical computation, multiplications and divisions become additions and subtractions in logarithm, respectively.   In other words, you don’t have to multiply or divide anymore, just add or subtract numbers in any scientific equation.

Second, dB magnifies/compresses very small/very large quantities, respectively, such that these quantities become tangible to human senses.  In other words, you don’t have to deal with very small or large number, just dealing with numbers between 0 to +/- ~100 dB that are better understood by anyone.

For instance, a healthy ear can hear between 0 to 120 dB Pressure Sound Level, PSL.  In other words, 0dB PSL is bare minimum human ear sensitivity and 120 dB PSL though painful but maximum tolerable sound level. 0dB reference stands for 20 uPa pressure level.  Another way put, healthy ear can hear anywhere between 20 micro Pascal as minimum to 20 Pascal as maximum signal levels.

Conversions of going from Power ratio to dB and vice versa are fairly easy, once you memorize dB values for ratio of 1 to 10.

Then, effectively you can compute dB for any ratio; therefore, any equation can be done on the back of envelope without calculator or computer.

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Posted on April 5, 2020

5G Collaborations

Many leading startups which successfully design a product for 5G market are realizing that in order to promote and demonstrate their own product, they must collaborate with at least one or two other 5G startups to convincingly illustrates the functionality, parametrically, and usefulness of their product.

The following figure illustrates typical 5G blocks which could be part of FWA, gNB, CPE, UE, IoT, etc.

There are only handful companies which have R&D capabilities that can spend resources for all of the above 5G components before their customers and demonstrate the end user metrics.

Any startup that only design and develop one or even two components of the above figure, have to choose partner and collaborate to successfully demonstrate their product.

Selection of appropriate 5G components will be critical in succeeding not only for functionality of your product but also to show the optimum performance metrics.  It is simple to recognize the required initiative that additional systems analysis must be done before your customers give any feedback about your product.  This initiative is well spent resources and critical to your product successful launch and traction by end users.

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Posted on April 1, 2020

LEO UT Pointing Angles Algorithm

The following flow diagram illustrates LEO UT Pointing Angles Algorithm

Obviously, additional Tracking Algorithm will be utilized due to LEO satellites’ handover.

Augment ORTENGA in your design and development of Antenna System Module, ASM, and algorithms development for LEO UT or gNB.

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Posted on March 31, 2020

COVID19 forces social distancing for the sake of public health.

Big corporations and small business startups are trying to stay afloat by figuring out how to operate without being in the office.

Productivity should be measured by deliverable.

There is simple rule that everyone in the industry agrees and follows regarding information sharing, “need to know basis”.  It implies that you can only share information within your company when there is need for collaboration; otherwise it is not shared even with your coworkers.

A similar rule is being developed that would change many things in our standard of operation and working habits, “need to be in office” sharing.  That implies to preserve productivity due to any unforeseen issue in future that can abruptly interrupt working in the office; proactive companies are planning to adapt rules that would allow employees to Work From Home, WFH, so long as their duties can be fulfilled.  The implication would be; office presence is only required, if needed to accomplish your work, otherwise WFH.

Another underlying implication is that more companies will open up to contract and/or consulting workforce services, as they are also working remotely without day to day presence, and save cost due to office spaces, payroll taxes, benefits, and paid only for deliverable.

Companies which recognize these new realities, they exploit and cash in on this day and age of high tech industry via 5G, online connectivity, remote collaboration and execution.

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Posted on March 30, 2020

Mobile Wireless Connectivity for Automotive Applications

Automotive Connectivity will be growing within the next few years in high end and luxury Automobiles and matures as must have feature by 2030.  There are two platforms which will provide the wireless connectivity, LEO SATCOM and 5G Terrestrial networks.

Size, Weight, and Power consumption, Temperature tolerance, SWaPT, will be making or breaking thresholds for any LEO User Terminal market acceptance by automotive manufacturers.  Later on, Cost will join the C-SWaPT as another metric for the industry.

The 16×16 antenna array will be ~30cm x 30cm, ~5cm thick including ASM, FEM, TRx, MODEM, and APQ for Ku band.  Therefore, it will fit in any automobile. The power consumption can be tailored for automobile applications supplies with range of ~1 – 20 W depending on Rx, Tx, or sleep modes.  Average transmit mode power consumption is ~15W.  Temperature tolerance will be handled with meticulous Thermo-Safe design.

Regarding 5G mmW band, this design will be housed in even smaller volume of ~10cm x 10cm x ~3cm including all electronics necessary for Mobile User Equipment and power consumption ~10W.

It is worth mentioning that a combined LEO UT and 5G UE can be designed within ~40cm x 40cm to operate in both LEO and Terrestrial networks.  The unit cost of such a terminal can be approximated to ~$5000. Augment ORTENGA in your design and development team to tailor LEO UT and/or 5G UE/CPE/gNB/FWA product. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on March 25, 2020 Memoryless and Hysteresis Organizations Memoryless electronic device is a device that does not remember its last states, therefore behaves the same regardless of increasing or decreasing in its dynamic range. On the other hand, hysteresis device behaves and is dependent on its history of its last state. Organizations have shown similar behaviors. Some organizations are memoryless, that implies, they don’t promote people within the organization. They hire their leaders from outside of the organizations. Other organizations nurture and organically develop their leaders internally. Their leaders have typically worked from low to higher ranks, until the individual shows the worth and impact within the organization before it becomes a leader within the organization. There are advantages and disadvantages for each organization. Memoryless organization bets on the new idea that can come from outside to resolve technical and non-technical challenges within the organization. They try new solutions to the existing challenges. Choosing appropriate person externally helps with innovation and adaptability of the organization. Hysteresis organization relies on solving their problem with people who have worked within the organization and know its root cause and potential solutions. They feel someone from inside the organization can understand and solve their problem. Choosing appropriate person internally helps the continuity and illustrates respect to the existing organization in place. Each approach has its own merits and disadvantages. Staying with one approach all the time, could cause issue especially with startups which has limited runway of funding. It would be wise for critical positions to select the best person in fulfilling it, regardless of internal or external. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on March 20, 2020 LEO vs. GEO UT Requirements Low Earth Orbit, LEO UT has distinct differences which can make or break Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO UT. 1. LEO satellites are mobile relative to UT on earth, therefore, UT has to not only to point to the satellites but also track the satellite and then switch to another mobile satellite coming into range. 2. LEO UT have only point +/- 45 from broadside, therefore there is better link connectivity no matter where the UT is on earth. 3. LEO satellites are at fraction of distance relative to GEO satellites form earth, therefore the latency is fraction of GEO link, ~60ms, as well as fraction of EIRP, therefore less transmit power is required, for uplink or Reverse Link, RL. Items 2 and 3 above appear less stringent requirements for LEO relative to GEO. However, regarding item 3, G/T requirement is similar to GEO UT given required throughput, which is the most challenging implications of UT requirements. Regarding item 1, it has some subtle yet challenging implications which become new requirements. This one requirement can make or break legacy design, if LEO UT is not designed properly. The UT must find the LEO satellites in blink of an eye and track it for ~10 seconds before switching to another LEO satellite. This occurs over and over to keep the radio link without interruption. In addition, if UT is itself mobile, then the challenge of finding LEO satellite and switching to another every ~10 seconds becomes exponentially more difficult. That is where LEO UT needs robust beamforming, beam tracking, and SLL management algorithms that work dynamically on the fly. These algorithms work hand in hand with Antenna Module. There is additional requirement for Bandwidth. LEO radio links are supposed to provide a better throughput. This additional throughput requirement is achieved by two system metrics. First a better C/N or Eb/N0 which yield better spectral efficiency is required. Second a wider operation bandwidth is required of the Antenna, Transceiver, and MODEM. The above requirements are challenging and many engineering teams across the globe are trying to innovate commercial grade solutions. It is worth to mention that LEO UT can significantly cost less than GEO counterpart for two reasons. The MODEM and FEM ASIC can be leveraged from cellular market, if properly architected, defined, and selected. GEO UT operates at order of magnitude higher transmit power and costs between 20 – 30 % overall UT, whereas LEO UT requires much lower power and smaller factor of FEM. Augment ORTENGA into your design and development of LEO UT team for successful applications of requirements and their implementations. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on March 11, 2020 What are Pilot Test Chips and Pizza Masks? Application Specific Integrated Circuits, aka ASIC, are high volume electronic circuits which provide functionality of some portion of communications and/or radar systems. One of major cost components of these ASIC, is semiconductor mask. Semiconductor masks are used for lithographically fabricating the semiconductor devices onto wafer. Each wafer requires multiple masks for various layers of fabrications and etching. A typical vanilla CMOS process could easily have 200 masks or more and they could easily cost as much ~$3M depending on the geometry and size of the gates.

Each all layer revisions of ASIC require all ~200 masks; therefore it becomes prohibitively expensive for smaller companies or even big corporations to tape out any design for single project/product.

In order to save cost for any trial of ASIC before design is finalized, it is customary to run some pilot test chips to validate the design as well as the process performances.  For test chips run, it should only be enough number of them to be validated and characterized for desired performances, KPI.

Therefore, many semiconductor fabrications offer Pizza Mask, where number of companies can share the cost for the masks, ~$3M, and get only small portion of wafer area, “pizza”. Very large corporations typically have their own pizza masks for multiple internal projects, test chips. Or tandem with another project masks for couple hundred devices. Each wafer lot is typically 25 wafers, and small portion of pizza/wafer, can produce few hundred devices per lot, enough to validate design topology and performance metrics. Augment ORTENGA in your semiconductor device design and developments to utilize cost saving proven techniques which are not only benefits R&D cost, but also improves TTM, hence ROI. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on March 3, 2020 Beamforming Algorithms for gNB, LEO, and WiGig Beamforming technology is utilized in gNB, aka 5G infrastructure, LEO SATCOM, and WiGig technologies in addition to radar applications. Figure 1 illustrates the pointing algorithms for the above technologies. gNB and WiGig method of pairing Tx to Rx are similar, therefore the same pointing algorithms can be utilized. LEO SATCOM has different constraints which are show at high level in the above flow diagram. Figure 1: Beam Pointing Algorithms flow diagram for gNB, LEO, and WiGig Technologies ORTENGA can support your product in implementing the Beamforming algorithm, whichever technology is needed. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on March 1, 2020 Coronavirus Containment via Wireless Technology As news of Coronavirus spreading globally raises public concern, it seems prudent to proactively work toward containment and resolution to this contagious virus, until appropriate treatment is in place. Wireless technology has enabled wireless connectivity in many high tech regions of the world. Many jobs/projects can be done remotely from home office, at least for part of the week, therefore minimizing the human contacts outside of home and potentially contracting and inadvertently spreading the disease during the containment periods. Leading companies in the industry allow employees to complete their project, regardless of whether they are physically in the office or working from elsewhere. Proactive companies are also preparing contingency plan to mitigate the work flow, should the virus becomes a wider issue. Public health is in interest of everyone while remote and home office is becoming more acceptable among many companies regardless of any particular contagious health issue or not. Work with your HR and project manager to plan for remote working and appropriate forum interfacing with your coworkers and colleagues while you are not physically at your company. Once or twice a day online synchronization, Virtual Stand up meeting, with your team may suffice the project needs. Public health requires Public awareness and contributions. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 27, 2020 FR2 5G mmW Patch Antenna Design Figure 1 illustrates FR2 5G Patch Antenna design centered at 27.946 GHz. Figure 1: E and H Plane Patch Antenna radiation pattern centered at 27.946 GHz It is worth to mention that maximum Gain is 6.7dBi with 51 Ohms input impedance at FR2 5G center frequency, BW = 850MHz. This design can even be optimized further for your application and/or requirements. In addition, it can be integrated to 16×16 Antenna Array to increase the gain up to 30dBi, if desired. Consequently, ORTENGA Beamforming and SLL management algorithms can derive the antenna array to enhance the system performance in actual operation. Augment ORTENGA in design and development of mmW Antenna design and validations for gNB, Radar, Autonomous Automotive, or WiGig. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 26, 2020 Most Effective Problem Solving Technique High impact leaders and/or managers learn to identify an issue or problem as soon as there is a roadblock and needs resolution. These individuals may not have technical know-how, yet they are keen to work with others who do and exercise active listening technique with appropriate and open questions and answers sessions. Once the problem is identified, they are acknowledge it and make it known to the rest of the team and seek advice in resolving it. Here are simple yet challenging four steps for resolving any technical issue; 1. Interface and listen to appropriate stakeholders facing the issue 2. Ask related question to convince yourself of the problem to a level you can explain to others 3. Acknowledge the problem in front of your team 4. Seek advice and resolution by involving your team A problem cannot be solved if it is not acknowledged. Those who deeply understand the issue, have the key to resolution. After all, every solution is within the same problem, we just fail to see it at first. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 25, 2020 16×16 Antenna Array Radiation Pattern with Beam Forming and SLL Management Algorithms Figure 1 diagram illustrates a 16×16 (64 Square Wavelengths) rectangular antenna array which is typically utilized in 5G infrastructure, gNB, 802.11ay, WiGig, Fixed Wireless Access, FWA, Short Range Radar, SRR, or eHealth nowadays at mmW frequencies. Keep in mind that this array can be integrated as part of mMIMO as well. Figure 1: 16×16 Rectangular Antenna Array in x-y plane This 256 elements array has considerable directivity and gain. The additional gain of array over single element antenna is 21 – 24 dB, which enables dB per dB better SINR in the radio link, consequently higher Spectral Efficiency, SE. It is worth mentioning that higher SINR or effectively Eb/N0 results in higher order modulation alphabets, [bps/Hz]. A higher order modulation alphabet is directly proportional to spectral efficiency with proportionality constant of Code Rate, i.e. SE = (bps/Hz) * CR. This is in essence the reason behind 5G NR throughput or better range/velocity resolution in radar applications. Figure 2 diagram illustrates radiation pattern of the array when it is pointing to broadside or theta0 = 0°. For this configuration, the directivity and gain are at highest, whereas the beamwidth is narrowest. Figure 2: 16×16 Antenna Array Beamforming at Broadside, theta0 = 0° Figure 3 illustrates 16×16 AF Universal radiation pattern for theta0 = 0°, where HPBW = ~7°. Figure 3: 16×16 AF radiation pattern Universal Plot for theta0 = 0° Figure 4 diagram illustrates array pointing at theta0 = 45°. Figure 4: Antenna Array Beamforming at 45° from Broadside Figure 5 illustrates Universal plot of the array at theta0 = 45°. Figure 5: 16×16 AF Universal Plot at theta0 = 45° Notice the HPBWtheta = 9° has increased, i.e. aka beam broadening, as the array pointing away from broadside. That in turns results in gain roll off ~2dB, which is expected due to decrease in array aperture size. Figure 6 illustrates Universal plot of the array pointing at phi0 = 55° for theta0 = 45° plane or cut, HPBW = ~9°. Figure 6: 16×16 AF radiation patter for theta0 = 45° plane For the antenna array the SLL can be designed to not exceed specifications with minimum penalty in AF directivity or equivalently the gain. For this optimized design, the directivity trade-off is ~0.5dB, yet SLL are typically improved more than several dB at the least. Therefore, during the operation of overall radio system, the transmitter power efficiency is optimized and yields better overall C/N or SINR, consequently, better spectral efficiency is achieved. Any other (theta,phi) pointing angle can similarly be synthesized by the 16×16 antenna array. The above figures are just examples of antenna array capabilities. These radiation patterns are for isotropic sources and depending on your system impairments additional noise sources can be introduced in to simulations to mimic the system under analysis and synthesis. For instance, ORTENGA can include amplitude taper noise and/or inter-element phase error based on HW implementations and limitations, two common errors that contribute to KPI of any antenna array. ORTENGA has modeling with noise profile for beamforming and SLL performance for various tapering profiles. Also, ORTENGA has capabilities to design larger array size, circular, and/or concentric shapes. ORTENGA algorithms provide minimum SLL for minimum beamwidth, effectively optimum antenna array gain. There is misconception that maximizing antenna array gain provides better C/N. However, in practice the overall transmitter must meet FCC emission regulation during the operation, which forces the transmitter to back off from maximum power due to unwanted SLL, therefore under-utilizing transmitter power efficiency. Augment ORTENGA in your design and development of Antenna Array technology to assist you in developing appropriate models in determining performance behavior of your communication or radar systems. If you are interested about ORTENGA licensing agreement for the above algorithms for your product, contact us. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 18, 2020 LEO SATCOM and 3G/4G/5G Terrestrial Mobile Systems Architecture User Terminal The following architectural diagram illustrates user terminal which can support both LEO SATCOM as well 3G/4G/5G Terrestrial mobile communication systems. Observe that it relies on existing RFIC transceiver as well as MODEM SoC by ADI and Qualcomm, respectively. Obviously, the multiple antennas and antenna array as well as diplexer can be designed to support the user terminal. It worth mentioning that X55 SoC has beamforming and beam steering capabilities as well as primary and diversity channels with sensitive Eb/N0 which can also support higher QAM modulation with Adaptive Coding Modulation, ACM, feature set. This architecture can be implemented and integrated into an actual product in about 1 year time frame. Augment ORTENGA in your analysis, architect and systems definitions for LEO SATCOM and Terrestrial Mobile Communications Systems. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 11, 2020 Antenna Array Factor over Ground Plane 5G NR, gNB, LEO SATCOMradar, and WiGig rely on beamforming, therefore Active Electronically Scanned Antenna Array, AESA. Typically AESA has ground plane, consequently image theory must be utilized to arrive at proper radiation pattern of AESA for simulation and therefore in actual applications. This particularly becomes important and critical for implementing Beamforming, Beam steering, and SLL management algorithms. The appropriate simulations enable the architect, system design, and managements to validate assumptions made for feasibility of design. ORTENGA provides simulation tools to validate your design and goes beyond what appropriate Phase Array Tool Box or SystemVue provide, independently. Augment ORTENGA into your architect and system design teams to validate design before its implementations. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 9, 2020 Power Amplifier Efficiency Misconception, Under Utilization Many companies strive to design more efficient Power Amplifier, PA. In doing that, these companies utilize new technology and engineering resources over design and development cycle of project to achieve more efficient standalone Power Amplifier. What is missing in overall goal is, analysis and addressing overall wireless systems operating power efficiency. Power Amplifier efficiency does not necessarily translate percent for percent to less power consumption by the transmitter, if there are other culprits in the transmitter architecture which prevent achieving more efficient transmitter. The above figure illustrates a typical wireless transmitter. Power Amplifier efficiency is one of the figure of merits. Except Power Added Efficiency, PAE, is defined at maximum power rating of the PA, which is rarely the actual operating point of the overall wireless system. Particularly, many SATCOM UT operates 3-5 dB below rating of PA. The power added efficiency drastically reduced at couple of dB back off point of PA P1dB. Therefore, all the hard work put in the PA design goes under-utilized. The following table illustrates under utilized power in Watts due to PA back off in order to meet EVM and distortion metrics. You will be better off designing an architecture which does not suffer during the actual dynamic operation of the transmitter and leave power on the table while the power amplifier is capable of delivering yet under utilized by the system. Augment ORTENGA in your analysis, design and development team to architect transmitter in such a way that can benefit from PA efficiency and utilize every Watts or power in the system. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 8, 2020 DAC Dynamic Range and Resolution for SLL Management Algorithm for 5G NR, LEO and Radar SLL management Algorithms relies on tapering the waveform or antenna array excitations. This is typically achieved with Digital to Analog Converter, DAC, in advance systems. The DAC dynamic range depends on maximum to minimum ratio of the excitations or waveform, which may or may not impact resolution depending on the topology of tapering. In some cases, it may be sufficient to require DAC ENOB based on the dynamic range. On the other hand, there are scenarios for optimum performances; the ENOB is driven by the actual resolutions and noise suppression requirements of tapering. Augment ORTENGA in your Beamforming, Beam Steering, and SLL Management Algorithms to design appropriate HW as well as required algorithms. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 7, 2020 5G mmW Antenna Design The high data rates required for the 5G standards leads to the need for greater band­widths. This has moved the required operating frequency bands up into the millimeter wave range for the 5G communication systems. The mmWave antenna design for 5G has the following important aspects: the beamforming and synthesizing antenna arrays, designing the antenna elements; designing the feeding network, the effect of the coupling between the adjacent antenna elements, the effect of surrounded materials on the radiation characteristics of the antennas and power consumption, and the thermal dissipation. The beamform is designed in order to maximize each user’s received signal power while minimizing the interference signal power from the other users. The antenna design for 5G mmWave communication systems include design antennas for smart phones, indoor small-cell networks, and the base stations. The antenna design for the above problems focuses on design of ultrawideband (UWB), wide scanning, and dual-polarized phased arrays that shall scan the beam electronically. Examples of this design are arrays of patch antennas (Figure 1), planar dipoles, or bowtie antennas with two orthogonal feeding mechanisms to excite horizontal and vertical modes for each element. In addition matching networks should be designed to improve the impedance matching. The distances between the patches in the arrays design are λ/2 center to center which are 5 mm at 30 GHz and 3 mm at 50 GHz. Figure 1: Example of planar patch array with orthogonal feedings (Feeding 1 and Feeding 2). Note that the boxes of “Feeding 1” and “Feeding 2” are just block diagrams that take different shapes and locations based on the design. Implementing this design for the orthogonal modes is challenging because the difficulty of integrating the orthogonal feeds and the existence of resonance modes from the conductors surrounding the antennas. Reconfigurable antenna design is used in order to switch between different 3D radiation patterns of the antenna and different polarization settings. The reflection coefficient should be simulated when the antenna excited by the practical feeding structure over a wide frequency range covers e.g. the FR2: 24.25-52.6 GHz. The radiation pattern and the directivity level should be simulated and the stability of the radiation pattern should be tested over the operating frequency band and the symmetry in co-polar and cross-polar components should be inspected. Over the air testing (OTA) requirements, such as the size of the chamber and the positioner choice, should be determined based on the size of the antenna structure and the radiation pattern characteristics. If the size or the position of antenna is unknown then we use white box dimensions which is a box include the electronic circuits with the antenna to determine the chamber size. In addition, we decide whether we use direct far field measurements or compact antenna test. In the direct far field measurements, the measurements of the field magnitude are performed in the far-field zone of the antenna while in the compact antenna test the measurements of the complex field are performed in the radiated near-field and then a near-field to far-field transform software is used. Simulation of massive array of tightly coupled antennas with the feeding network over an UWB, e.g. the FR2: 24.25-52.6 GHz is challenging. We can design the antenna arrays for the FR2 including the mutual coupling between the antennas, the feeding and impedance matching network, and analyze the effect of the surrounding metals and materials on the antenna performance. We can solve such kind of problems and develop or choose which method and software is the best for your design. Author: Hany A. Raouf, PhD Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on February 6, 2020 Innovation Recipe – Top down Approach Any innovation requires challenging the status quo. Those, whom are satisfied with the existing solution(s), typically do not seek to enhance the solutions to a problem. Many companies which are missing out innovating into their products on regular basis or brand new product with features and performances beyond existing market trends have something in common; their design approach flows Bottom up. The questions to internal, external, and consultants are around low level blocks in the system and how to enhance it, say mixer in a radio. The fallacies in that question are that it is already assumed the next generation of radios will embed a mixer. Perhaps detrimental assumption is that people whom have an extensive background and experiences for that field are in better position to answer that question. New ideas come from looking at a problem with a different angle which was missed before. It is more likely someone without prior knowledge and background that may come up with an innovative solution. Obviously, the new comer must understand the problem before attempting to solve it. That burden is on our shoulder to pose an appropriate question. This is the story of an actress Hedy Lamarr and a composer George Antheil the inventors of Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA, which has enabled Qualcomm to surpass all of its competitors. While everyone around the globe was working on TDMA or FDMA, in 1985 Qualcomm determined that CDMA will provide ~100x more capacity relative to TDMA and FDMA. It took approximately 10 years to prove that to remaining industry and show CDMA can be implemented and utilized in cellular market. It is much better problem solving approach if the system in hand is solved from Top down. First, gathering constraints and stating requirements for that radio by the product definer, then, attempting to find various architectures that may address those requirements. Unfortunately, nowadays many companies big or small utilize Bottom up approach and miss opportunities to lead their own market. ORTENGA engineers utilize Top down approach to solve our clients’ problems. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 31, 2020 PLL Phase Noise Sources Phased Lock Loop, PLL, is a negative feedback frequency synthesizer of choice for Integrated Circuits, IC. There are four phase noise sources in any PLL, namely; Crystal Oscillator, XO, Phase Frequency Detector, PFD, Voltage Control Oscillator, VCO, and Divider. The analysis of output phase noise can be modeled in steady states as four independent sources for a linear system, shown in color in the above block diagram. The Low Pass Filter, LPF, typically does not contribute to the PLL noise. XO is typically the lowest noise source in the PLL. For phase noise budget analysis at a system level in a typical design, XO, PFD, and Divider noise sources are lumped together and called PLL noise, whereas VCO noise is singled out independently. VCO phase noise profile is high pass, while PLL has low pass phase noise profile. Augment ORTENGA with in your PLL design team for phase noise analysis and line up budget of any radio and design validation. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 29, 2020 Search and Identifications Radar for Smart Train and Smart Helicopter Markets Radars are used in advanced airplanes as part of Altimeter as well as Search and Identify heading of an airplane using legacy technology. Civilian Helicopters are typical lack radar due to cost of legacy radar. Also Trains are rarely use radar for navigation. With the advance of semiconductor radar System on Chip, SoC, which are designed for Autonomous Vehicle, AV, the cost of realizing such radars are lowered. AV radar companies are uniformly focusing on Automotive market, which is a large portion of AV radar market, yet will return investment in several years, 2025 onward for large volumes and later for mass productions. There is another untapped market, which is not necessarily being designed for, Smart Train and Smart Helicopter markets, STSHSTSH market can use these radars to navigate in high populations and cities to avoid accident and/or crashes as it becomes evident and painful to hear on too often occasions. Rest in Peace Kobe Bryant. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 27, 2020 Radar Pulse Compression Techniques and Waveforms It is well known that radar waveform can either be tailored for range or its resolution. In other words, the requirements for long range and fine range resolution are contradictory in nature. In addition, it is also true that range vs. velocity resolution have contradictory design constraints which cannot be met simultaneously, unless more sophisticated waveforms are utilized which are known as Pulse Compression Technique. The following diagram illustrates various Analog and Digital Pulse Compression Waveforms which are utilized by Radar Waveform designers to optimize range and its resolutions. Pulse Compression and MIMO radar can be utilized to design appropriate waveform constraints for range, range resolution, and velocity resolution. Augment ORTENGA with in your design team to deliver radar product for Autonomous Vehicle, eHealth, Smart Home, Smart City, or other applications. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 25, 2020 Phase Shifting Mechanism for Beamforming and Beam Steering Radio Front End Module Any beamforming and beam steering radio front end utilizes phase shifting mechanism to point and steering the beam by changing inter-element phase shift among array of antennas. Depending on the center frequency, fractional bandwidth, and required radio metrics of the front end, there are two topologies available, passive or active phase shifting mechanism. 5G mmW bands starts at 24 GHz and eventually allocated bands up and near 110 GHz. Here are some options that may be applicable to your new radio. 1. Embedded Transmission Lines and RF switches; they could provide around ~10% fractional BW. For example, at 24 GHz, 10% fractional BW is 2.4 GHz, which is more than enough. 2. Active phase shifters, they have embedded RF switches and smaller foot print, also with approximately 10% fractional BW. Keep in mind as the frequency increases, this 10% fractional BW would even produce more of absolute BW. For instance, for 52 GHz band, the absolute BW could be as wide as 5.2 GHz. On the other hand, if your new radio operates at lower frequency, say 10 GHz, then absolute BW could be as wide as 1 GHz, although wide yet may not be adequate to achieve VHT requirements. Some of the design considerations could be such as; phase angle resolution, phase angle field of view, switching speed, settling time, insertion loss, etc. Process control is also should be considered. Augment ORTENGA with your design team to determine the requirements for phase shifting mechanism and implement it within radio front end module. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 24, 2020 MIMO Application in SATCOM Multi Input Multi Output, MIMO, is well known technique in Mobile Terrestrial Wireless Communications to enhance Throughput, Range, and Reliability via Spatial Diversity. MIMO takes advantage of multipath between transmitter and receiver and combines multiple received replicas of the signals via DSP to enhance SINR. The environment where MIMO flourish is multi independent path radio channel. That environment typically exists when Transmitter, Receiver, or both are mobile and there are objects between them to instigate multipath. Typical GEO SATCOM applications are for fixed communication links between transmitter and receiver. In the case of mobile receiver in GEO network, there could be additional SINR improvement if multiple receiver antennas are utilized. LEO SATCOM networks will be utilizing mobile satellites which handover the signal every several seconds. The receiver can be fixed or mobile. For instance by using two receive antennas which are properly located at the UT, theoretically an additional of ~3dB SINR may be realized depending on implementation loss of the UT and if it is properly specified for receiver sensitivity. Therefore, there could be some merits using MIMO techniques, so long as it is cost effective. Partner with ORTENGA for design and development of radio algorithms and implementations in your new product. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 13, 2020 SLL Management Algorithm Flow Side Lobe Level, SLL, are undesired radiation characteristic of any antenna or antenna arrays. Many companies spent significant amount of time and resources during the prototype development phase to mitigate SLL and qualify/certify the radiation pattern by FCC. The issue which remains is two folds even after they succeed to meet FCC and regulatory requirements. First, the SLL mitigation technique used are not optimum design performances and typically sacrifice antenna gain and power efficiency of Power Amplifier to meet regulations. This in turn translates to lower C/N and/or Eb/N0, therefore lower throughput. In other words, the transmitter suffers power efficiency as well as optimum throughput, two critical metrics for any transmitter in exchange for mitigating SLL, which should have been part of original design to begin with, hence lack of optimum design. Spending resources to design efficient power amplifier, yet backing off from efficiency sweet spot of Power Amplifier due to undesired and uncontrolled SLL defeats the purpose of the overall system metrics; that power efficiency and throughput, both of which impact bottom lines of the network operator. Second, the additional time which takes for trial and error is reducing the chances of being in the market during the window of opportunity. ORTENGA SLL Management Algorithm is proactive design and embedded during the development phase to expedite TTM while producing optimum design trade-off Gain vs. SLL, hence power efficiency and throughput, below algorithm flow. Partner with ORTENGA for design and development of radio algorithms and implementations in your new product. Inquiry: info@ortenga.com Posted on January 12, 2020 Cost Effective Sub 6 GHz gNB Infrastructure One of the major reasons for 5G NR architecture is reduced cost for given throughput, bps/$.

System Architecture contributes to overall Bill of Materials and cost.  Software Defined Radio, SDR, is cost effective and being utilized for gNB infrastructure SoC.  The removing of transceiver can reduce the BOM significantly for Digital or Hybrid Beamforming architectures.

In fact, SDR architecture can also be utilized in MIMO radar systems.

Diligent systems definition and requirements enable cost saving architecture for appropriate market.

Partner with ORTENGA for Market analysis and/or Competitor landscape for your new product.

Inquiry: info@ortenga.com

Posted on January 11, 2020

Very Small Aperture Terminal, VSAT

VSAT are ground SATCOM User Terminals, UT, which have 75 cm to 1.2 m antenna aperture.

Although VSAT are typically utilized for GEO SATCOM Networks market, the growth is in LEO market for the next several years.

LEO networks will provide higher datarate and lower latency relative to legacy GEO networks, comparable to 4G 3GPP.

Many companies are designing and developing LEO Hub, UT, and/or Satellites, which will be online as early as 2021.

Partner with ORTENGA for Market analysis and/or Competitor landscape for your new product.

Inquiry: info@ortenga.com

Posted on January 6, 2020

Beam Tracking Algorithm Flow

Beam Tracking Algorithm is utilized when there is beamforming and mobility either at transmitter or receiver.

The following diagram illustrates top level algorithms flow interactions, namely; Beamforming, SLL management, and Beam tracking.

It is worth mentioning that although the high level flow diagram is similar yet actual flow diagram may change depending on the applications and use cases.  For instance, in some use cases or applications, there is need for Target Acquisition Algorithm, before beam tracking algorithm of the target is invoked.

Partner with ORTENGA in design and development of any of the above algorithms for your new product.

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Posted on January 4, 2020

5G, SATCOM, and Radar Filter Requirements

Filters are widely used in radio communications and radar systems. In fact, multiple filters are used across any radio, namely; Preselector Filter, Image Rejection Filter, Channel Select Filter, Anti Aliasing Filter, Digital Filter in Decimation and Interpolation to cover some of them.

As the above filter names indicate, they impact anywhere from linearity, image rejection, resolution of ADC/DAC to DSP systems performances.  There are tradeoffs where to put filter and set its requirements in such a way that optimizes the system performance over all operational conditions.

Filter requirements impact other blocks performance requirements, such as; PA, LNA, Mixer, ADC/DAC, PLL, and Antenna. There are multiple Filter Topologies in Analog or Digital domains, such as; Butterworth, Tchebyshev, Elliptical, Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman/Harris, or Kaiser filter.  Analog filters are implemented in the frequency domain, while digital filters are in time domain.

It is challenging task to relate each filter requirements to actual system metrics at radio level.  It requires both understanding of systems as well as impairments caused by lack of adequate filtering to draw and analyze appropriate filtering and implement them at the proper stage in the radio.

These filters are used in UE Mobile Wireless, UT SATCOM, SATCOM HUB, Mobile Infrastructures, and Radar Systems. If your system has Rx Sensitivity, interference, blocker, simultaneous listens and talks, ADC/DAC clipping issues, then it may need additional filtering or filtering at proper stage to mitigate the issues.

Partner with ORTENGA to analyze, drive appropriate Filter requirements, and/or implement the desired filter in Analog or Digital domain for your new product and market.

Inquiry: info@ortenga.com

Posted on January 1, 2020